IFUGAO:
TWO BULUL STATUES
ON A SINGLE BASE
RICE GOD STATUES


FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE

E-MAIL
info@tribalartasia.com





IFUGAO BULUL PAIR DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART





IFUGAO BULUL PAIR DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART





FILIPINO BULUL IFUGAO STATUE





DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART IFUGAO BULUL STATUE PAIR





PHILIPPINES IFUGAO BULUL STATUE





DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART FILIPINO STATUE BULUL





IFUGAO STATUE BASE ASIAN TRIBAL ART






BULUL STATUES DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART


IFUGAO:
TWO BULUL STATUES ON A SINGLE BASE

RICE GOD STATUES HAND CARVED WOOD
LATE 19TH CENTURY - EARLY 20TH CENTURY
  18 X 11 X 6 INCHES


IFUGAO ANCIENT TRIBAL USED ANTIQUE COMPLETELY ORIGINAL HAND CARVED STANDING AND SEATED BULUL STATUE PAIR THAT DATES FROM THE 19TH CENTURY
! PUBLISHED IN THE BOOK ENTITLED: "THE LAST FILIPINO HEAD HUNTERS." THIS REMARKABLE PIECE COMES FROM THE HEADHUNTING TRIBE: "IFUGAO" IN THE CORDILLERA MOUNTAINS ON THE ISLAND "LUZON" IN THE PHILIPPINES. THIS IS A RARE AND UNUSUAL PIECE WITH A FINE, RICH, DARK, BROWN PATINA WITH TRACE ELEMENTS OF A BLOOD SACRIFICE. THIS IS AN EXTRAORDINARY PIECE OF ANTIQUE 19TH CENTURY IFUGAO TRIBAL ART THAT EXHIBITS WEAR AND SIGNS OF TRIBAL USE.

A Bulul is a carved wooden figure used to guard the rice crop by the Igorot peoples of northern Luzon. The sculptures are highly stylized representations of ancestors, and are thought to gain power from the presence of the ancestral spirit. The Ifugao are particularly noted for their skill in carving bululs. Bululs are used in ceremonies associated with rice production and with healing. Creation of a bulul involves alwen bulol ritual by a priest to ensure that the statue gains power. The bulul is treated with care and respect to avoid the risk of the spirits of the ancestors bringing sickness. The figures are placed in rice granaries to bring a plentiful harvest. A large granary may need two bululs, and a wealthy noble may also have one or more bululs in his house. Male and female Bulul statues are often found together, with sex-related symbols such as the mortar for the female and pestle for the male. A male bulul may sometimes be decorated with a g-string, and a female with a waist cloth, earrings and anklets. Although the form varies, the bulul is commonly represented as seated on the ground, with arms crossed over his upraised knees. The bulul has a simplified form, and is traditionally carved from narra or ipil wood or sometimes stone. The bulul is touched by hands dipped in blood of a chicken or pig in ritual called tunod during the rice planting season. Over time the blood imparts a dark color to the figures, overlaid with a patina of grease from food offerings. Bululs are handed down to the first child of a family. Typically the older statues have beetle holes made by insects in the granary.

Prior to colonization, Ifugao was a massive highland plutocracy, among the most sophisticated and prosperous of its kind in the whole archipelago and one of the two grandest highland plutocracies in Luzon, the other being the Plutocracy of Kalinga. The state existed for over 2,000 years and have built massive rice terraces that would be a symbol of the province in later time. There were no monarchs in the state. The state was ruled by its council of elders which led the state into a peaceful and prosperous plutocracy which developed one of the best agricultural technologies in Asia at its time. The state consisted of various subgroups which had similar yet somewhat distinct culture and traditions. Conflicts among the Ifugao people were resolved in the most peaceful way possible. Unlike most of the highland plutocracies in the Cordilleras at the time, the Plutocracy of Ifugao had the least conflict with lowland settlers or Ilokanos. Kiangan was known as the birthplace of the Ifugao people and Hungduan as the epicenter of its culture.

The Spanish had great difficulty in taking over Ifugao, like most of the Cordilleras due to the fierce belief of the Cordillera people of their rights since ancient times. The Ifugao battled colonizers for hundreds of years, even after the state was colonized and was transformed into a part of Nueva Viscaya province of the Spanish-administered Philippines. In 1891, the Spanish government established Quiangan as a comandancia-politico-milita for the Ifugao area. The Spanish occupation in the province ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumption. Harvest season calls for grandiose thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites "tungo" or "tungul" (the day of rest) entail a strict taboo of any agricultural work. Partaking of the rice wine (bayah), rice cakes, and 'moma' (mixture of several herbs, powdered snail shell and betel nut/ arecoline: and acts as a chewing gum to the Ifugaos) is an indelible practice during the festivities and ritual activitiess. their retual and Agricultural terracing is their principal means of livelihood along with farming. Their social status is measured by the number of rice field granaries, family heirlooms, gold earrings, carabaos (water buffaloes), as well as, prestige conferred through time and tradition. The more affluent, known as kadangyan were usually generous by nature, giving rice to poor neighbors in time of food shortage(s) and/or hardship(s). Furthermore, their culture was known for their legal system, using one of the world's most extensive oral legal traditions specifying the offense depending on the use of custom law; trial by elders (influenced in part by public opinion); or trial by ordeal. The wealthy were subjected to greater fines than the poor.

Untouched by the influences of Spanish colonialism, Ifugao culture value kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. They're unique among all ethnic groups in the mountain province, not only for their interesting customs and traditions but also for their narrative literature such as the hudhud, an epic dealing with hero ancestors sung in a poetic manner. Another feature unique to the Ifugao is their woodcarving art, most notably the carved granary guardians bului and the prestige bench of the upper class, the hagabi. Their textiles renowned for their sheer beauty, colorful blankets and clothing woven on looms. Houses were well-built, characterized by as a square with wooden floors, windowless walls, and pyramidal thatch roofs. Elevated from the ground by four sturdy tree trunks, they feature removable staircases that were hoisted up at night to prevent entry by enemies and/or wild animals. Lastly, their attire remain traditional for male Ifugaos, donning the wanno or g-string; there are six types of wanno which are used depending on the occasion or the man's social status. Ifugao women, on the contrary, wear tapis, a wraparound skirt; there are five kinds of skirts worn, depending on the occasion and or status of the woman /girl.



THE IFUGAO TRIBE, ON THE ISLAND: LUZON
IN THE PHILIPPINES, USE "BULUL" STATUES
AS GUARDIANS THAT ARE ACTIVATED THROUGH
RITUAL SACRIFICE.

THE IFUGAO; ORIGINALLY REFERRED TO AS "IGOROTS" WERE
ONCE THOUGHT TO BE INCLUDED WITH THE BONTOC, KALINGA
KANKANAY, IBALOI AND GADDANG AS A SINGLE TRIBE
!
IT WAS NOT UNTIL EXHAUSTIVE RESEARCH LATER REVEALED
THESE WERE INDIVIDUAL TRIBES WITH DISTINCT
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND BELIEF SYSTEMS!



FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE
TO SEND AN E-MAIL TO: info@tribalartasia.com


CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO ART FOR SALE MENU


CLICK HERE TO RETURN TO ART FOR RENT MENU


Asian tribal art, artifacts, ifugao, kalinga, bontoc, asmat, dayak, philippines, asia, head hunters, human trophy skull, skulls, african, antiques, naga, necklace, headdress, head hunting trophy skull, Indonesia, Indonesian, SOUTHEAST ASIA, Borneo, Sarawak, ANTIQUES, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, ART, Sumatra, Timor, ARTIFACTS, Bali, Java, INDIA, Flores, Sumba, NEPAL, Savu, Roti, BABAS, Lombok, Malaysia. HOLY MEN, Nusa Tengara, New Guinea, SHAMAN, Irian Jaya, Moluccas, CONTEMPORARY ART, Tanimbar, Leti, OLD, Lembata, Alor, MINILA, Philippines, Luzon, PALAWAN, Mindanao, Sulu, BLOW GUN, Southeast Asia, Asia, NOSE RING, Asian, Burma, HAT, Myanmar, India, SWORD, Nagaland, Nepal, KNIFE, Tibet, Himalaya, MOUNTAIN, Himalayan, Assam, TRIBES, Thailand, Vietnam, YAO, Yunnan, Hainan, HMONG, China, Central Asia, ZAO, Dayak, Batak, BAG, Toraja, Naga, POLE, Chin, Li, QUIVER, Miao, Bahau, MASK, Punan, Penan, MODELED SKULL, Modang, Kayan, BRASS COIL, Kenyah, Ngaju, COILS, Kontu, Kantu, TEXTILE, Iban, Maloh, PRIEST, Tunjung, Busang, RITUAL, Aoheng, Dong Son, MYSTICAL Konyak, Tangkhul, MYSTIC, Ao, Angami, PRIMITIVE, Sema, Wancho, HAND MADE, Bontoc, B'laan, ARTIST, Bagabo, Gaddang, BULUL, Ifugao. Sculpture, BULULS, statue, mask, BOX, beadwork, bead, AUTHENTIC, textile, weaving, TRIBAL, costume, hat, WOODEN, shield, spear, WOOD, helmet, sword, BOAR, charm, fetish, FEATHERS, drum, basket, FEATHER, basketry, jewelry, SILVER, ornament, weapon, ASMAT Canoe, amulet, decoration, SCULPTURAL, architecture, architectural, SCULPTURE, longhouse, headhunter, SKULL, headhunting, shaman, TRIBAL, festival, ceremony, ceremonial, SHAMAN ritual, tattoo, HEAD HUNTER Skull, dragon, hornbill, HEADDRES, art, tribal, VIETNAM, tribe, culture, TRIBES, cultural, myth, TRIBAL, artifact, artefact, REAL, wood, stone, HAND WOVEN, cotton, metal, CAST bronze, brass, cloth, ISLAND, tropics, tropical, EQUATOR, ethnographic, EQUATORIAL, Tribal Art, Primitive Art, Ethnographic Art, Oceanic Art, Folk Art, Ethnic Cultures, AUTHENTIC Artifacts, Textiles, ANCIENT, Costumes, Sculpture, SCULPTURES, Masks, Beadwork, BEADS, Fetishes, Charms, GOLD Jewelry, Baskets, BAMBOO, Weapons, Shields, ORNATE, Indonesia, Borneo, PUPPETS, Sumatra, Sulawese, SHADOW PUPPET, Java, Bali, CAVE, Timor, Flores, ISLAND, Sumba. Lombok, VILLAGE, Molucca, Philippines, RICE TERRACE, Luzon, Mindanao, DAVID HOWARD PHOTOGRAPHY, Nepal, Burma, SACRED JOURNEY: THE GANGES TO THE HIMALAYAS, Thailand, THE LAST FILIPINO HEAD HUNTERS, Laos, Vietnam, TEN SOUTHEAST ASIAN TRIBES FROM FIVE COUNTRIES, India, Central Asia, NECKLACES, Southeast Asia, Dayak, STATUE, lban, Kayan, INK STAMP, Kenyah, Modang, FEATHERED, Bahau, Ngaju, HORSE, Batak, Toraja, NAGALAND, Naga, Dong Song. TRIBAL ART, AUTHENTIC PRIMITIVE ART, OLD ETHNOGRAPHIC ART, RARE OCEANIC ART, BEAUTIFUL FOLK ART, ETHNIC CULTURES, TRIBAL  ARTIFACTS, TEXTILES, ASIAN, COSTUMES, SCULPTURE, WOOD MASKS, BEADWORK, CHARMS, FETISHES, SIVER JEWELRY BOXES, BASKETS, WEAPONS, FILIPINO SHIELDS, INDONESIA, BORNEO, ETHNOGRAPHIC, SUMATRA, SULAWESE, TRIBAL, JAVA, BALI, TRIBES, TIMOR, FLORES, ASIAN, SUMBA. LOMBOK, TRIBES, MOLUCCA, PHILIPPINES, TRIBAL, LUZON, ASIAN, MINDANAO, NEPAL, ASIA, BURMA, THAILAND, TRIBAL, LAOS, VIETNAM, TRIBES, INDIA, CENTRAL TRIBAL ASIA, ARTIFACTS, SOUTHEAST ASIA, HEAD HUNTER, DAYAK, ASIAN, IBAN, KAYAN, TRIBE, KENYAH, MODANG, TRIBAL, BAHAU, NGAJU, ASIAN, BATAK, TORAJA, TRIBE, NAGA, tribal art, ASIAN, primitive art, ASIA, ethnographic art, TRIBAL, oceanic art, ASIAN folk art, SOUTHEAST ASIA ethnic cultures, artifacts, ASIAN, textiles, costumes, VILLAGE sculpture, masks, TRIBAL beadwork, fetishes, TRIBES charms. jewelry, TRIBE, baskets, weapons, TRIBAL, shields, indonesia, ASIAN, borneo. sumatra, TRIBAL ART sulawese, java, HILL TRIBE, bali, timor, ASIAN, flores, sumba, TRIBES, lombok, molucca, BULUL STATUES philippines, luzon, ISLAND ART, mindanao, nepal, ASIA, burma, thailand, JOURNEY laos, vietnam, TRIBAL, india, central asia, TRIBE, southeast asia, OLD ART, dayak. lban, TRIBES, kayan, kenyah, ASIAN, modang, bahau, AUTHENTIC TRIBAL ART, ngaju, batak, HEADDRESS, toraja, naga, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE, dong song, KALINGA, Indonesia, Indonesian, IFUGAO, Borneo, Sarawak, BONTOC, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, TRIBAL, Sumatra, Timor, ASIAN, Bali, Java, OLD TRIBAL ART




Flores, Sumba, Savu, Roti, Lombok, Malaysia. Nusa Tengara, New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Moluccas, Tanimbar, Leti, Lembata, Alor, Philippines, Luzon, Mindanao, Sulu, Southeast Asia, Asia, Asian, Burma. Myanmar, India, Nagaland, Nepal, Tibet, Himalaya, Himalayan, Assam, Thailand, Vietnam, Yunnan, Hainan, China, Central Asia, Dayak, Batak, Toraja, Naga, Chin, Li, Miao, Bahau, Punan, Penan, Modang, Kayan. Kenyah, Ngaju, Kontu, Kantu, Iban, Maloh, Tunjung, Busang, Aoheng, Dong Son, Konyak, Tangkhul, Ao, Angami, Sema, Wancho, Bontoc, B'laan, Bagabo, Gaddang, Ifugao. Sculpture, statue, mask, beadwork, bead, textile, weaving, costume, hat, shield, spear, helmet, sword, charm, fetish, drum, basket, basketry, jewelry, ornament, weapon. Canoe, amulet, decoration, architecture, architectural, longhouse, headhunter, headhunting, shaman, festival, ceremony, ceremonial, ritual, tattoo. Skull, dragon, hornbill, art, tribal, tribe, culture, cultural, myth, artifact, artefact, wood, stone, cotton, metal, bronze, brass, cloth, tropics, tropical, ethnographic
, primitive, art, masks, asian, ethnographic, oceanic, folk, ethnic cultures, artifacts, Bahau, Kalimantan, indonesia, borneo, sumatra. sulawese, java, bali, timor. flores, sumba, lombok, molucca, philippines, luzon, mindanao, nepal, burma, thailand, laos, vietnam, india, central asia, southeast. dayak, lban, kayan, kenyah, modang, bahau, ngaju, batak. toraja, naga, dong song. Myanmar, Burma, Kachin, Naga, Konyak, Chin, Ao, Wancho, Thangkul, Dao, Helmet, Hat, Hornbill, Mizo, Sema, Assam, India, Mithan, Maram, Morung, Myth, Dream, Post, Pillar, Panel, Architecture, Architectural, Tusk, Hill Tribe, Sacrifice, Skull, War Path, Ritual. Spirit, Figure, Motif, Design, Ceremony, Ceremonial, Raid, Fur, Claws, Teeth, Fangs, Carving, Statue, Sculpture, Kalinga, Ifugao, Luzon, Mindanao, T'boli, Bagabo, B'laan, Sulu, Philippines, Weaving, Blouse, Skirt, Sarong, Shawl, Necklace, Bracelet, Conch Shell, Shell, Brass, Spear. Feather, House, Tradition, Traditional, Ancestor, Cloth, Ikat, Chapan, Uzbek, Asia, Turkoman, Turkamen, Dragon, Snake, Bird, Gong, Island, Indonesia, Indonesian, Borneo, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor, Bali, Java, Flores, Sumba, Savu, Roti, Lombok, Malaysia. Nusa Tengara, New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Moluccas, Tanimbar, Leti, Lembata, Alor, Philippines, Luzon, Mindanao, Sulu, Southeast Asia, Asia, Asian, Burma. Myanmar, India, Nagaland, Nepal, Tibet, Himalaya, Himalayan, Assam, Thailand, Vietnam, Yunnan, Hainan, China, Central Asia, Dayak, Batak, Toraja, Naga, Chin, Li, Miao, Bahau, Punan, Penan, Modang, Kayan. Kenyah, Ngaju, Kontu, Kantu, Iban, Maloh, Tunjung, Busang, Aoheng, Dong Son, Konyak, Tangkhul, Ao, Angami, Sema, Wancho, Bontoc, B'laan, Bagabo, Gaddang, Ifugao. Sculpture, statue, mask, beadwork, bead, textile, weaving, costume, hat, shield, spear, helmet, sword, charm, fetish, drum, basket, basketry, jewelry, ornament, weapon. Canoe, amulet, decoration, architecture, architectural, longhouse, headhunter, headhunting, shaman, festival, ceremony, ceremonial, ritual, tattoo. Skull, dragon, hornbill, art, tribal, tribe, culture, cultural, myth, artifact, artefact, wood, stone, Indonesia, Indonesian, Borneo, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor, Bali, Java, Flores, Sumba, Savu, Roti, Lombok, Malaysia. Nusa Tengara, New Guinea, Irian Jaya, Moluccas, Tanimbar, Leti, Lembata, Alor, Philippines, Luzon, Mindanao, Sulu, Southeast Asia, Asia, Asian, Burma. Myanmar, India, Nagaland, Nepal, Tibet, Himalaya, Himalayan, Assam, Thailand, Vietnam, Yunnan, Hainan, China, Central Asia, Dayak, Batak, Toraja, Naga, Chin, Li, Miao, Bahau, Punan, Penan, Modang, Kayan. Kenyah, Ngaju, Kontu, Kantu, Iban, Maloh, Tunjung, Busang, Aoheng, Dong Son, Konyak, Tangkhul, Ao, Angami, Sema, Wancho, Bontoc, B'laan, Bagabo, Gaddang, Ifugao. Sculpture, statue, mask, beadwork, bead, textile, weaving, costume, hat, shield, spear, helmet, sword, charm, fetish, drum, basket, basketry, jewelry, ornament, weapon. Canoe, amulet, decoration, architecture, architectural, longhouse, headhunter, headhunting, shaman, festival, ceremony, ceremonial, ritual, tattoo. Skull, dragon, hornbill, art, tribal, tribe, culture, cultural, myth, artifact, artefact, wood, stone, cotton, metal, bronze, brass, cloth, tropics, tropical, ethnographic.

Japan, Japanese, shrine, Masks, tsuba, kabuto, mempo, Dayak, Indonesian, sculpture, Indian Cola, Tibetan Thanka, Batak. Timor, Nias, African, Oceanic, Philippines, Luzon, Ifagao, Batak, Dyak, Nias, Bul'ul, artifacts, authentic, antique, asian, asia, expert, dealer, sell, buy, Los Angeles, California, JAPAN, JAPANESE. SHRINE, MASKS, TSUBA, KABUTO, MEMPO, DAYAK. INDONESIAN, SCULPTURE, INDIAN COLA, TIBETAN THANKA, BATAK, TIMOR, NIAS, AFRICAN, OCEANIC. PHILIPPINES, LUZON, IFAGAO, BATAK, DYAK, NIAS, BUL'UL, ARTIFACTS, AUTHENTIC, ANTIQUE, ASIAN, ASIA, EXPERT, DEALER, SELL, BUY, Japan, Japanese, Shrine, Masks, Tsuba, Kabuto, Mempo, Dayak, Indonesian, Sculpture. Indian Cola, Tibetan Thanka, Batak, Timor, Nias, African, Oceanic, Philippines, Luzon, Ifagao, Batak, Dyak, Nias, Bul'ul, Artifacts, Authentic, Antique, Asian, Asia, Expert, Dealer, Sell, Buy, japan, japanese, shrine, masks, tsuba, kabuto, mempo, dayak, indonesian, sculpture, indian cola, tibetan thanka, batak, timor, nias, african, oceanic, philippines, luzon, ifagao, batak, dyak, nias, bul'ul, artifacts, authentic, antique, asian, asia

Japan, Japanese, shrine, Masks, tsuba, kabuto, mempo, Dayak, Indonesian, sculpture, Indian Cola, Tibetan Thanka, Batak. Timor, Nias, African, Oceanic, Philippines, Luzon, Ifagao, Batak, Dyak, Nias, Bul'ul, artifacts, authentic, antique, asian, asia, expert, dealer, sell, buy, Los Angeles, California, JAPAN, JAPANESE. SHRINE, MASKS, TSUBA, KABUTO, MEMPO, DAYAK. INDONESIAN, SCULPTURE, INDIAN COLA, TIBETAN THANKA, BATAK, TIMOR, NIAS, AFRICAN, OCEANIC. PHILIPPINES, LUZON, IFAGAO, BATAK, DYAK, NIAS, BUL'UL, ARTIFACTS, AUTHENTIC, ANTIQUE, ASIAN, ASIA, EXPERT, DEALER, SELL, BUY, Japan, Japanese, Shrine, Masks, Tsuba, Kabuto, Mempo, Dayak, Indonesian, Sculpture. Indian Cola, Tibetan Thanka, Batak, Timor, Nias, African, Oceanic, Philippines, Luzon, Ifagao, Batak, Dyak, Nias, Bul'ul, Artifacts, Authentic, Antique, Asian, Asia, Expert, Dealer, Sell, Buy, japan, japanese, shrine, masks, tsuba, kabuto, mempo, dayak, indonesian, sculpture, indian cola, tibetan thanka, batak, timor, nias, african, oceanic, philippines, luzon, ifagao, batak, dyak, nias, bul'ul, artifacts, authentic, antique, asian, asia

David Howard, art, artist, photography, photographic, photographs, print, prints, director, producer, exhibitions, exhibits, exhibit, painting, paint, studio, studios, etching, silkscreens, silkscreen, contemporary art, Pop Art, artist's story, journal, video, videos, documentary, documentaries, books, book, asian, asia, Filipino, Philippines, Sacred Journey, author, The Last Filipino Head Hunters, collections, collectables, collectable, archives, archive, art, fine, contemporary, video, dvd, documentary, Keith Haring, Nam June Paik, Christo, Lowell Nesbitt, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Charles Arnoldi, artists, studio visit, artist, program, sculpture, painting, photography, prints, print, photo, paintings, sculptures, keith haring, christo, david howard, nam june paik, artseen, videos tape, programs, documentaries, arts, world, san francisco, new york, los angeles

ANDY WARHOL, JOSEPH ALBERS, ELLSWORTH KELLY, CLAES OLDENBURG, ROBERT MOTHERWELL, FRANK STELLA, JAMES ROSENQUIST, ROBERT RAUSCHENBURG, KEITH HARING, CHRISTO, ROBERT INDIANA, ROY LICHTENSTEIN, ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE, ALICE NEAL, ARTISTS, ART, ARTIST, PAINTING, SCULPTURE, PHOTOGRAPHY, SITE SPECIFIC, NAM JUNE PAIK, KENNY SCHARF, LOWELL NESBITT, LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, ARMAN ARMAN, CHARLES ARNOLDI, CHRIS BURDEN, ART STUDIOS, VIRTUAL REALITY, ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM, PRINT MAKING, ETCHING, PAINTING, HOLOGRAPHY, AFRICAN ART, WOODCARVING, MURAL. MURALS, COMPUTER ART, FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONISM, IMPRESSIONISM, MULTI-MEDIA, MULTI MEDIA